How is the authenticity of a private electronic document established?

• A. Digital signature
• B. Physical stamp
• C. Handwritten note
• D. No measure needed

Answer: (A)

Authenticity for a private electronic document is established by a digital signature. A digital signature uses public key cryptography to bind the signer’s identity to the document and to ensure the document hasn’t been altered since signing. Verification with the signer’s public key and certificate confirms who signed and preserves integrity, providing non‑repudiation. A physical stamp or a handwritten note doesn’t apply to electronic documents, and no measure at all would not meet the need for authentication. Modern law recognizes digital signatures as the valid means to establish authenticity and integrity of private electronic documents.